The Global Rise of Measles: What You Need to Know

Measles cases have been increasing worldwide, with an estimated 10.3 million cases recorded in 2023, reflecting a 20% rise from 2022. Outbreaks continue to be reported in various regions, including the United States, Europe, and the Western Pacific, which encompasses Australia. In particular, Vietnam has seen thousands of cases throughout 2024 and 2025, highlighting the disease’s rapid spread.

Measles in Australia: Travel-Related Cases on the Rise

In Australia, 77 cases of measles were recorded in the first five months of 2025, surpassing the 57 cases reported for all of 2024. Nearly all cases in Australia have been linked to international travel, either contracted by returning travellers or through exposure to infected individuals locally.

What is Measles? Understanding the Disease

Measles is caused by a virus from the Morbillivirus genus and primarily affects children. It spreads through tiny respiratory droplets, remaining airborne for up to two hours in enclosed spaces.

Symptoms include:

1. Fever
2. Cough
3. Runny nose
4. Rash

While measles is often mild, it can lead to severe complications, including hospitalisation and, in rare cases, death. Large outbreaks place immense strain on health systems. Additionally, measles can cause long-term health effects, impacting the brain

WHO recommends two doses of the measles vaccine, with the timing depending on transmission levels:

1. High-transmission areas: First dose at nine months old, since maternal antibodies decline significantly by this age.

2. Lower-transmission areas: First dose at 12 months, as vaccination at this age creates a stronger, longer-lasting immune response.

A second dose, given 6–9 months later, is crucial because 10–15% of children don’t develop antibodies from the first dose alone.

In Australia, children receive:

1. The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine at 12 months

2. The measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine (includes chickenpox) at 18 months

For babies at higher risk, an extra early dose may be recommended. Infants as young as six months can receive the vaccine during outbreaks or before traveling to high-risk regions.

New Research: Are Babies Losing Measles Antibodies Earlier Than Expected?

A recent study examined measles antibody levels in over 8,000 babies across low- and middle-income countries, revealing that while 81% of newborns had maternal antibodies, only 30% of four-month-old infants still had protective levels.

This suggests that maternal antibodies fade earlier than previously thought, raising the question of whether vaccination should occur sooner in areas with high measles transmission.

Should Australia Change Its Measles Vaccination Schedule?

Although the study’s findings suggest earlier vaccination may be beneficial, the data comes from lower-income regions with different transmission dynamics. In Australia, measles vaccine coverage exceeds 92% for two doses, reducing the risk of widespread outbreaks.

While New Zealand allows measles vaccination from four months for infants traveling to high-risk regions, Australia is unlikely to change its schedule.

Challenges to changing vaccine timing:

1. Logistical difficulties and cost implications of adding an extra dose

2. Need for further research to ensure early vaccination doesn’t weaken long-term immunity

However, health experts may consider expanding early-dose eligibility for high-risk infants, ensuring better protection for children traveling internationally or living in outbreak-prone areas.

Making Sure You’re Protected Against Measles

Achieving high measles vaccine coverage with two doses remains a global priority.

In Australia:

1. Anyone born after 1966 should ensure they have two doses of measles vaccine.

2. Those born before the mid-1960s likely had measles as children, providing natural immunity.

If you’re unsure about your vaccination status:

1. Check through the Australian Immunisation Register

2. Consult your doctor for advice

Catch-up vaccination is available through the National Immunisation Program for those who need it.

Final Thoughts

Measles outbreaks are rising globally, but Australia remains relatively well-protected due to strong vaccination coverage. While shifting the timing of routine vaccinations may not be necessary, ensuring flexible early-dose options for high-risk infants could be beneficial.

For individuals, the best course of action is simple—check your vaccination status and stay protected.

The content provided is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, nor is it a substitute for professional medical consultation. The views or recommendations expressed in this article and any linked resources do not necessarily reflect those of MediLeave or its affiliates. MediLeave assumes no responsibility for the content or accuracy of this article or any external links it may contain.